Trondheim, Norway

Founded in 997, the city of Trondheim lies roughly 400km north of Oslo.  The third largest city in Norway, Trondheim has in the past been the capital.  The benediction ceremony for new Norwegian monarchs is still held in Trondheim's Nidaros Cathedral.

Trondheim is home to the world's northernmost trams, having held this title since 2004 when the tram system the Russian city of Arkhangelsk was closed.

The tram system comprises just one line, the Gråkallbanen, which operates from the centre of Trondheim into the hills overlooking the city.  At the city end, trams run on-street.  As they climb away from the city, the trams use a segregated alignment. So it is arguably a light rail system incorporating some street running. 

Many of the trams carry commercial advertising liveries.

 

Gråkallbanen is the surviving remnant of a more extensive tram network which once served Trondheim.  In fact, the system had closed entirely by 1988s but the Gråkallbanen line was restored to service a couple of years later.  It is operated by Gråkallbanen AS, but is integrated into Trondheim's local transport system which is co-ordinated by ATB. 

Other than the Gråkallbanen, the city transport system in Trondheim is provided by buses.  These are coordinated by ATB and carry ATB livery, but are operated by several companies under contract to ATB.

Many of the buses are powered by Compressed Natural Gas (CNG).

 

 

 

 

A small number of buses powered by hybrid technology have also entered service in Trondheim.











As well as the standard two-axle vehicles, there are numerous tri-axle single deckers at work in Trondheim.  These have three doors.



 
 

 

 

  

Articulated buses operate on route 5, one of Trondheim's core cross-city services.

 

On Sundays, the shops are closed all day.  I noticed that on the Sunday that I was in Trondheim, in April 2013, three-axle single-deckers were operating in place of the articulated buses on route 5.








Within Trondheim, a flat fare applies on ATB buses and on the Gråkallbanen.  Fares can be paid on board, but it is cheaper to buy them in advance from ticket machines.  Tickets by mobile phone are also available, at the same price as tickets bought in advance while cheaper still are tickets paid for using the "t-kort" smartcard.  As in many of the cities I have visited outside the UK, a single ticket allows transfers between bus services and to or from the tram.  In Trondheim's case, transfer is valid for up to 45 minutes of arriving at the point of interchange.

Some ATB-branded services extend beyond the city to surrounding settlements.  

 








 
Other bus services stretching beyond Trondheim are operated by Nettbuss Trøndelag (who also operate some of the ATB-branded routes within the city), using buses in their own blue livery.  Their website is in Norwegian only.

 

Longer-distance coach services also operate into Trondheim. 

Coaches serve the city centre, and terminate at the central railway station.  The station is thus a hub for longer-distance travel both by coach and by rail.

Trondheim's airport is at Vaernes, around 30 kilometres from the city centre.  Although there is a direct train service from the airport to Trondheim's central railway station, this only operates hourly.  Most of the airport traffic is handled by coaches, which serve many of Trondheim's hotels.  The Flybussen service operates every 10 minutes, using three-axle coaches.

 
Flybussen is a brand name for airport coach services in a number of Norwegian cities.  Different companies operate under the brand name in different cities.  In Trondheim, the service is operated by Nettbuss Trøndelag.



At certain times, the Flybussen coaches operate via the Clarion Hotel & Congress.  At times when the coaches omit this stop, buses provide a dedicated shuttle service to and from the central station, where they connect with the Flybussen coaches.






Flybussen aren't the only coaches linking Trondheim city centre with the airport.  VaernesEkspressen also operate a service, although this is less frequent.









Since Trondheim is located on the south bank of a fjord, it is no surprise that ferries provide links across the water, in some cases connecting with buses running further north.






The ferry terminal in Trondheim is close to the coach and railway station.






The Hurtigruten ships, which provide a daily service along the Norwegian coast from Bergen to Kirkenes, stop in Trondheim for a few hours in the mornings.  This is one of the places where northbound and southbound vessels meet.  The end-to-end voyage is more than 2,000 km through some truly stunning scenery.  These images show two of Hurtigruten's larger vessels, the Midnatsol berthed in Trondheim on a southbound voyage:
 

...and the Finnmarken sailing out from Trondheim on its voyage northwards:
 

The following morning, the Finnmarken will cross the Arctic Circle.  It will take 4 days' sailing from Trondheim to reach Kirkenes, close to the Russian border.

Paris, France

According to research by MasterCard, Paris is one of the world's most popular tourist cities.  Around 16million tourists from other countries visit the French capital every year, placing it second only to London.  My most recent visit was in March 2013.

Much of the centre of Paris was remodelled and rebuilt in the mid-19th Century, under the direction of Baron Haussmann, with new, wide boulevards and avenues sweeping through the city.

The first line of the Métro, Paris' underground railway, arrived in 1900.  The Métro system now forms a dense network within the city boundaries.  In the city of Paris, you are never more than 500 metres from a Métro station.

Although the Métro system provides comprehensive coverage of the city, and is very heavily-used, it is complemented by a network of bus routes.  60 routes operate within the city boundary, with around another 300 routes in the suburbs.

As is the case in most of the cities I have visited outside the UK, single-deck buses are used.  Within the city boundary, all have been wheelchair-accessible since 2009.


On route maps, the bus routes are assigned different colours.  These are repeated on the route number displays on the fronts of the buses, and in many cases on route informaiton boards carried on the sides of the vehicles.

Articulated vehicles are operated on a number of routes.
 

Buses to the airports at Roissy (Charles de Gaulle) and Orly operate from points in or near the centre of Paris.  These services, too, are operated with articulated vehicles.

The Roissybus service to Charles de Gaulle airport runs from Opéra in the centre of Paris; the Orlybus route starts from Denfert-Rochereau south of the city centre.

Double-deck buses can be found in Paris - but, as in many cities on the European mainland, they are only used on sightseeing tour work.  As might be expected in such a major tourist destination, there are plenty of tour buses operated by two companies - l'Open Tour and les Cars Rouges.  In some cities, second-hand double-deckers converted to open-top are used for sightseeing tours.  Here in Paris, both companies use purpose-built open-toppers.

The district of Montmartre (literally, Martyr's Mount) overlooks the city centre.  Crowned by the Basilica of Sacré Coeur, it is very popular with tourists.

The narrow, winding lanes preclude full-size buses from the Montmartre district.  A dedicated bus route, "Montmartrobus", operates through the Montmartre using small buses.  These connects the district with both the Métro and other bus routes nearby.  The vehicles are in most cases battery-powered.  Despite their small-size, they have two doors.

Although most of the buses on the Montmartrobus service are battery-powered, I did find one diesel-powered bus operating alongside them.












Montmartrobus isn't the only transport connection to Montmartre.  There is also a funicular, first opened in 1900.  It has since been modernised twice, most recently in 1991.












 
The streets on Montmartre are unsuitable for the sightseeing tour buses.  A road train offers guided tours - commentaries are in French and English, but the website is in French only.






You won't find trams in the centre of Paris.  Although a tram system had opened in the mid-19th Century, the last line closed in 1957.  Nevertheless, there are trams operating now if you know where to look.

The Métro and suburban rail lines generally cater for radial journeys into, across and out of the city centre.  Métro lines 2 and 6 form a ring around the centre of Paris, but the rail services do not provide easily for orbital journeys further out in the suburbs.  Tram lines are being opened in stages to cater for some of the busier orbital suburban flows, with the first line opening in 1992.  Paris' trams generally operate on segregated track.

In many European cities, main line railways converge on a single central station.  Paris, however, is more like London in this respect, with a number of main line station forming a ring around the historic city centre.

Connections between the main line stations and from these stations into the heart of the city are provided by the Métro, and also by the RER (Réseau Express Régional) suburban rail services which operate across the city in tunnel.  While the majority of the Métro is also in tunnel, there are also sections which emerge above ground particularly on Lines 2 and 6.




The transport system is co-ordinated by RATP (Régie Autonome des Transports Parisiens), who operate the bus, tram, funicular and Métro systems as well as part of the RER.  RATP's commercial arm also owns the l'Open Tour sightseeing operation (and bus companies in London and Bournemouth amongst many other transport interests around the world).  RATP is owned by the French state.

The fare system is reasonably simple.  A flat fare applies to any journey by bus (except for Orlybus, Roissybus, sightseeing tours and a couple of other special services), tram, funicular, Métro, and also within an inner Zone on RER services.  Transfers between buses or between bus and tram are allowed for up to 90 minutes, as are transfers between Métro and RER (within the inner Zone).  However the single fare does not allow transfer from bus or tram to Métro or RER, or vice versa.

There are also anomalies where the Métro extends beyond the boundary of the inner Zone - for example to La Défense.  La Défense is linked to the centre of Paris by both RER and Métro, but the flat fare ticket can only be used on the Métro.  The RER charges different fares outside the inner Zone.


The single fare (apart from the exceptions described above) is currently €1.70.  You can save money buy buying a "carnet" of 10 tickets for €13.30.  You validate the tickets as you use them.